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Scarring might be little ( simple) or excessive ( Keloid).

It also happens in deep tissues; around nerve roots and its coverings.

Incidence:- 24% to 100% of patients develop some degree of scar tissue after back surgery.

• Scar tissue causes 20% to 36% of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). It increases progressively with every revision surgery.
• Some patients may have epidural scarring but still have no pain or symptoms.

Surgeons use the following strategies to avoid excessive scarring after surgery:

• suction drains to decrease the amount of post-surgical collection of blood (hematoma).
•  Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and radiation